More than 70% of urothelial carcinomas present as superficial, or non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC). Recurrence and progression risk following transurethral resection (TUR) is multi-factorial, and is primarily associated with tumor size, stage, grade, and multifocality1. In 2007, the AUA guidelines committee released a consensus statement on the management of NMIBC (stages Ta, T1, & Tis), recommending a single dose of peri-operative intravesical therapy following TUR for papillary low volume non-histologically confirmed lesions as well as small volume, low grade Ta disease. They also recommended an induction course of intravesical therapy +/- maintenance therapy with either bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or Mitomycin C (MMC) for patients with multifocal, large volume, or recurrent histologically confirmed low grade Ta disease and induction + maintenance therapy for primary high grade Ta or T1 +/- CIS disease following TUR re-resection.
